Evidence-aware research atlas · 24 churches

Real images, transparent ratios, and the limits of geometric attribution.

Each sheet pairs a downloaded real reference image with a normalized math panel. The formulas use the current Atlas inputs and visibly preserve whether each field is a published dimension or a schematic comparison value. The diagram is not registered to the photograph; it is a visual explanation of the math. The St Paul's sheet also reports the locally acquired photogrammetry reconstruction separately from the published reference dimensions.

Read the underlying image manifest, scan/model register, measurement register, geometry analysis, constructor evidence, and St Paul's measurement record.

01 · Basilica · Ravenna, Italy

Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe

reference-only · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 56 m W = 30 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W56 × 30 m
H / W0.6
L / W1.867
L / module7
floor area1680 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: published dimensionspan: published dimensionheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Whole building identified; no authoritative open LiDAR or photogrammetric file located. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: unknown Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

02 · Gothic · Chartres, France

Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral

survey-documented · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 130.2 m W = 34 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W130.2 × 34 m
H / W1.103
L / W3.829
L / module11.322
floor area4426.8 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: published dimensionspan: schematicheight: published dimensionradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Chartres laser-analysis work is documented for architectural geometry; no open whole-building point cloud was downloaded. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: multiple medieval builders; individual constructor not identified here Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

03 · Central plan · Distomo, Greece

Hosios Loukas Katholikon

reference-only · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Hosios Loukas Katholikon
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 30 m W = 30 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W30 × 30 m
H / W0.833
L / W1
L / module4
floor area900 m²
radial reach / W0.15
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Whole church identified; no authoritative open interior/exterior scan located. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: unknown Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

04 · Baroque · Rome, Italy

Sant'Andrea al Quirinale

reference-only · designer-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 30 m W = 22 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W30 × 22 m
H / W0.909
L / W1.364
L / module5.455
floor area660 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Whole church identified; no authoritative open LiDAR or photogrammetric file located. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • architect/designer: Gian Lorenzo Bernini (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

05 · Timber · Lærdal, Norway

Borgund Stave Church

reference-only · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Borgund Stave Church
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 18 m W = 10 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W18 × 10 m
H / W1.6
L / W1.8
L / module5
floor area180 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Whole church identified; no open, scale-controlled scan located. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: unknown medieval carpenters and builders Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

06 · Modern · Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan

Church of the Light

reference-only · designer-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Church of the Light
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 18 m W = 6.5 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W18 × 6.5 m
H / W1
L / W2.769
L / module4
floor area117 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Whole church identified; public user/commercial models were not accepted as survey evidence. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • architect/designer: Tadao Ando (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

07 · Byzantine · Ravenna, Italy

Basilica of San Vitale

viewable-model · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Basilica of San Vitale
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 32 m W = 28 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W32 × 28 m
H / W0.857
L / W1.143
L / module8
floor area896 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Public photogrammetric model is viewable; it was not treated as a measured survey or downloaded as raw data. open lead

Public 3D metadata: 237973 vertices · 440478 faces · CC Attribution · raw download flag: yes. These counts are topology metadata, not metric dimensions. API record

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: unknown; do not treat the geometric model author as the historical builder Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

08 · Byzantine · Istanbul, Türkiye

Hagia Sophia

survey-documented · designers-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Hagia Sophia
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 60 m W = 42 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W60 × 42 m
H / W0.833
L / W1.429
L / module6
floor area2520 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: The UBC Image Matching Challenge page documents an interior image-matching dataset with reconstructed 3D points, but its download page notes that Hagia Sophia Interior was removed in 2022 because of data inconsistencies. It is therefore not treated as a current open download or a complete architectural scan. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • architects/designers: Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletus (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

09 · Romanesque · Speyer, Germany

Speyer Cathedral

open-download · patron-and-history-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Speyer Cathedral
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 100 m W = 40 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W100 × 40 m
H / W0.75
L / W2.5
L / module8
floor area4000 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: A CC0 digital model is advertised by the 3D Repository of Hochschule Mainz; it is a reconstructed model, so scale and survey lineage must be checked before metric use. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: medieval building teams; individual constructor not identified here Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

10 · Romanesque · Durham, England

Durham Cathedral

partial-survey · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Durham Cathedral
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 100 m W = 35 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W100 × 35 m
H / W0.8
L / W2.857
L / module9.091
floor area3500 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Durham Chapter House has a documented laser-scan/BIM survey; it covers a major component, not the whole cathedral. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: unknown in the current source set Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

11 · Romanesque · Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

reference-only · staged-medieval-project-documented

Real reference image of Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 90 m W = 45 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W90 × 45 m
H / W0.578
L / W2
L / module9
floor area4050 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Whole cathedral identified; no authoritative open point cloud or mesh located. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • early masters: Bernard the Elder, Admirable Master, Roberto, and later Master Esteban (evidence)
  • later project master: Master Mateo (evidence)

Construction team: workshops and stonecutters are implied by the staged project; a single constructor is not supported Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

12 · Gothic · Reims, France

Notre-Dame de Reims Cathedral

survey-documented · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Notre-Dame de Reims Cathedral
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 100 m W = 35 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W100 × 35 m
H / W1.143
L / W2.857
L / module9.091
floor area3500 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Laser-survey documentation and geometric analysis are publicly described; no raw whole-building point cloud was located. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: multiple medieval masters; exact role attribution requires a dedicated architectural-history source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

13 · Gothic · Cologne, Germany

Cologne Cathedral

survey-documented · staged-project-documented-constructor-not-normalized

Real reference image of Cologne Cathedral
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 120 m W = 40 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W120 × 40 m
H / W1.2
L / W3
L / module10.435
floor area4800 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: A peer-reviewed ISPRS paper documents a terrestrial laser-scanning project; no raw point cloud was located in the public paper record. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: multiple medieval and modern builders followed the design over centuries; this register does not collapse them into one name Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

14 · Norman-Arab · Monreale, Sicily, Italy

Monreale Cathedral

partial-survey · patron-and-workshop-history-requires-further-source-work

Real reference image of Monreale Cathedral
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 72 m W = 32 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W72 × 32 m
H / W0.813
L / W2.25
L / module8
floor area2304 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: The main portico has a documented laser-scan and photogrammetric survey; it is partial coverage rather than a complete cathedral scan. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: Arab-Norman workshops and later builders; individual constructor not established here Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

15 · Gothic · Saint-Denis, France

Basilica Cathedral of Saint-Denis

survey-documented · patron-and-architectural-history-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Basilica Cathedral of Saint-Denis
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 75 m W = 30 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W75 × 30 m
H / W1.133
L / W2.5
L / module7.5
floor area2250 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Andrew Tallon's laser-analysis projects provide geometric precedent for Saint-Denis; no open whole-building point cloud was located. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • patron/abbot associated with the Gothic rebuilding: Abbot Suger (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

16 · Timber · Luster, Norway

Urnes Stave Church

survey-documented · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Urnes Stave Church
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 18 m W = 8 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W18 × 8 m
H / W1.625
L / W2.25
L / module5.143
floor area144 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: NIKU documents detailed laser scanning of Urnes and the public model/scan references support visual study; a raw full-building point cloud was not downloaded. open lead

Public 3D metadata: 326753 vertices · 650382 faces · license not stated in API metadata · raw download flag: no. These counts are topology metadata, not metric dimensions. API record

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: unknown medieval carpenters and carvers Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

17 · Timber · Kizhi Island, Karelia, Russia

Church of the Transfiguration, Kizhi Pogost

survey-documented · not-established-in-current-source-set

Real reference image of Church of the Transfiguration, Kizhi Pogost
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 30 m W = 18 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W30 × 18 m
H / W1.389
L / W1.667
L / module6
floor area540 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: The Church of the Transfiguration is documented as laser-scanned and measured; no public raw point cloud was located. open lead

Documentary attribution: No named designer or builder is established in this current source set.
Construction team: unknown carpenters and builders; later attribution legends require separate verification Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

18 · Renaissance · Venice, Italy

Basilica of San Giorgio Maggiore

viewable-model · designer-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Basilica of San Giorgio Maggiore
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 55 m W = 28 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W55 × 28 m
H / W0.857
L / W1.964
L / module6.111
floor area1540 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: A Palladio Museum digital model records a laser-scanner workflow, photographs, surveys, and an exportable model route; the model was not mirrored here. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • architect/designer: Andrea Palladio (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

19 · Renaissance · Venice, Italy

Il Redentore

reference-only · designer-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Il Redentore
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 55 m W = 24 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W55 × 24 m
H / W1.042
L / W2.292
L / module6.875
floor area1320 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: No authoritative open LiDAR or photogrammetric dataset for the exact Il Redentore church was located; similarly named crypt or project models were excluded. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • architect/designer: Andrea Palladio (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

20 · Baroque · London, England

St Paul's Cathedral

open-download · architect-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of St Paul's Cathedral
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 169.2 m W = 75 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W169.2 × 75 m
H / W1.488
L / W2.256
L / module14.1
floor area12690 m²
radial reach / W0.4
length: published dimensionspan: published dimensionheight: published dimensionradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: A recent measured drone survey covers the exterior and roof. The UBC Image Matching Challenge sequence is acquired locally as photogrammetry: 615 source images, 615 dense depth maps, and a 98,872-point COLMAP sparse reconstruction. A separate public Zenodo GLB is also acquired for rough interior/crypt coverage. These are not LiDAR and do not by themselves establish complete interior/exterior survey control; Wren's drawings provide documentary design evidence. open lead

Acquired inside/out evidence: 615 calibrated images · 98,872 sparse 3D points · 615 dense depth maps · 446,067,546 positive depth values read · 1,837,701-vertex / 2,500,000-face interior/crypt GLB mesh. The robust sparse native-coordinate principal-axis ratios are 2.256 : 1.432; these are unscaled photogrammetry/model statistics, not metric LiDAR or constructor attribution. scene measurement

Documentary attribution:


Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

21 · Baroque · Vienna, Austria

Karlskirche

contact-access · architectural-history-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Karlskirche
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 45 m W = 30 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W45 × 30 m
H / W1
L / W1.5
L / module5.625
floor area1350 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: A TU Wien/B2FIND record describes an interior/exterior mesh from laser scanning and photogrammetry; access is by contacting the data provider. open lead

Documentary attribution:

  • architectural project: Fischer von Erlach family; exact role split requires source-page verification (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

22 · Modern · Ronchamp, France

Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut

viewable-model · architect-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 25 m W = 16 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W25 × 16 m
H / W0.875
L / W1.563
L / module5
floor area400 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: A public Sketchfab study model is viewable and marked CC Attribution; it is not treated as a scale-controlled survey without model metadata. open lead

Public 3D metadata: 1952 vertices · 3880 faces · CC Attribution · raw download flag: yes. These counts are topology metadata, not metric dimensions. API record

Documentary attribution:

  • architect/designer: Le Corbusier (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

23 · Modern · Brasília, Brazil

Cathedral of Brasília

viewable-model · designer-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Cathedral of Brasília
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 40 m W = 40 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W40 × 40 m
H / W0.75
L / W1
L / module16
floor area1600 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Public low-poly and scan/map models are viewable; no authoritative scale-controlled open survey was located. open lead

Public 3D metadata: 3106 vertices · 5882 faces · CC Attribution · raw download flag: yes. These counts are topology metadata, not metric dimensions. API record

Documentary attribution:

  • architect/designer: Oscar Niemeyer (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.

24 · Contemporary · Eureka Springs, Arkansas, USA

Thorncrown Chapel

viewable-model · architect-documented-constructor-not-established

Real reference image of Thorncrown Chapel
Real reference image · source page · rights page
NORMALIZED SCHEMATIC · NOT SURVEYED L = 25 m W = 8 m module divisions and radial reach are interpretive
Math panel uses the Atlas geometry inputs; it is not registered to the photograph.
L × W25 × 8 m
H / W1.5
L / W3.125
L / module12.5
floor area200 m²
radial reach / W0.5
length: schematicspan: schematicheight: schematicradius: schematicmodule: schematicbayCount: schematic

Scan/model lead: Public study models are viewable; no open scale-controlled LiDAR or photogrammetric dataset was located. open lead

Public 3D metadata: 47356 vertices · 85373 faces · license not stated in API metadata · raw download flag: no. These counts are topology metadata, not metric dimensions. API record

Documentary attribution:

  • architect/designer: E. Fay Jones (evidence)

Construction team: not identified in the current source Geometry conclusion: not determined by geometry.